| text {graphics} | R Documentation |
text draws the strings given in the vector labels at the
coordinates given by x and y.
y may be missing since xy.coords(x,y) is used for
construction of the coordinates.
text(x, ...)
## Default S3 method:
text (x, y = NULL, labels = seq(along = x), adj = NULL,
pos = NULL, offset = 0.5, vfont = NULL,
cex = 1, col = NULL, font = NULL, ...)
x, y |
numeric vectors of coordinates where the text
labels should be written. If the length of x and
y differs, the shorter one is recycled. |
labels |
one or more character strings or expressions specifying
the text to be written. An attempt is made to coerce other
vectors (and factors) to character, and other language objects
(names and calls) to expressions. If labels is longer than
x and y, the coordinates are recycled to the length of
labels. |
adj |
one or two values in [0,1] which specify the x (and optionally y) adjustment of the labels. On most devices values outside that interval will also work. |
pos |
a position specifier for the text. If specified this
overrides any adj value given. Values of 1,
2, 3 and 4, respectively indicate
positions below, to the left of, above and to the right of
the specified coordinates. |
offset |
when pos is specified, this value gives the
offset of the label from the specified coordinate in fractions
of a character width. |
vfont |
if a character vector of length 2 is specified, then Hershey vector fonts are used. The first element of the vector selects a typeface and the second element selects a style. |
cex |
numeric character expansion factor; multiplied
by par("cex") yields the final character size.
NULL and NA are equivalent to 1.0. |
col, font |
the color and font to be used, possibly vectors.
These default to the values of the global graphical parameters in
par(). |
... |
further graphical parameters (from par),
such as family and xpd. |
labels must be of type character or
expression (or be coercible to such a type).
In the latter case, quite a bit of
mathematical notation is available such as sub- and superscripts,
greek letters, fractions, etc.
adj allows adjustment of the text with respect to (x,y).
Values of 0, 0.5, and 1 specify left/bottom, middle and
right/top, respectively. The default is for centered text, i.e.,
adj = c(0.5, 0.5). Accurate vertical centering needs
character metric information on individual characters, which is
only available on some devices.
The pos and offset arguments can be used in conjunction
with values returned by identify to recreate an interactively
labelled plot.
Text can be rotated by using graphical parameters srt (see
par); this rotates about the centre set by adj.
Graphical parameters col, cex and font can be
vectors and will then be applied cyclically to the labels (and
extra values will be ignored). NA values of font are
replaced by par("font").
Labels whose x, y, labels, cex or col
value is NA are omitted from the plot.
The Euro symbol was introduced relatively recently, and may not be
available in older fonts. In recent versions of Adobe symbol fonts it
is character 160, so text(x, y, "\xA0", font = 5) will work.
People using Western European locales on Unix-alikes can probably
select ISO-8895-15 (Latin-9) which has the Euro as character 165: this
can also be used for postscript and pdf.
In all the European Windows encoding the Euro is symbol 128, although
not all fonts support it. It is not in the symbol font used for
windows and related devices, including the Windows printer.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Murrell, P. (2005) R Graphics. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
mtext, title,
Hershey for details on Hershey vector fonts,
plotmath for details and more examples on
mathematical annotation.
plot(-1:1,-1:1, type = "n", xlab = "Re", ylab = "Im")
K <- 16; text(exp(1i * 2 * pi * (1:K) / K), col = 2)
## The following two examples use latin1 characters: these may not
## appear correctly (or be omitted entirely).
plot(1:10, 1:10, main = "text(...) examples\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~",
sub = "R is GNU ©, but not ® ...")
mtext("«Latin-1 accented chars»: éè øØ å<Å æ<Æ", side=3)
points(c(6,2), c(2,1), pch = 3, cex = 4, col = "red")
text(6, 2, "the text is CENTERED around (x,y) = (6,2) by default",
cex = .8)
text(2, 1, "or Left/Bottom - JUSTIFIED at (2,1) by 'adj = c(0,0)'",
adj = c(0,0))
text(4, 9, expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y))
text(4, 8.4, "expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y)", cex = .75)
text(4, 7, expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n)))
## Two more latin1 examples
text(5,10.2,
"Le français, c'est façile: Règles, Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité...")
text(5,9.8, "Jetz no chli züritüütsch: (noch ein bißchen Zürcher deutsch)")