| c {base} | R Documentation |
This is a generic function which combines its arguments.
The default method combines its arguments to form a vector. All arguments are coerced to a common type which is the type of the returned value, and all attributes except names are removed.
c(..., recursive=FALSE)
... |
objects to be concatenated. |
recursive |
logical. If recursive = TRUE, the function
recursively descends through lists (and pairlists) combining all
their elements into a vector. |
The output type is determined from the highest type of the components
in the hierarchy NULL < raw < logical < integer < real < complex < character
< list < expression. Pairlists are treated as lists, but non-vector
components (such names and calls) are treated as one-element lists
which cannot be unlisted even if recursive = TRUE.
c is sometimes used for its side effect of removing attributes
except names, for example to turn an array into a vector.
as.vector is a more intuitive way to do this, but also drops names.
NULL or an expression or a vector of an appropriate mode.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
unlist and as.vector to produce
attribute-free vectors.
c(1,7:9) c(1:5, 10.5, "next") ## uses with a single argument to drop attributes x <- 1:4 names(x) <- letters[1:4] x c(x) # has names as.vector(x) # no names dim(x) <- c(2,2) x c(x) as.vector(x) ## append to a list: ll <- list(A = 1, c="C") ## do *not* use c(ll, d = 1:3) # which is == c(ll, as.list(c(d=1:3)) ## but rather c(ll, d = list(1:3))# c() combining two lists c(list(A=c(B=1)), recursive=TRUE) c(options(), recursive=TRUE) c(list(A=c(B=1,C=2), B=c(E=7)), recursive=TRUE)